E-Banking Impact of Information Technology in India

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E-Banking: Impact of Information Technology in India Mr. Vijay Kumbhar [Assit. Professor in Economics, Abasaheb Marathe College, Rajapur Dist- Ratnagiri (Maharashtra)]

Introduction With the advancement of information technology and to derive the inherent advantages of its implementation, there was a long felt need to give recognition to the electronic mean as an alternative to paper based banking practice in India. The evolution of banking technology has been mainly driven by changes in distribution channels as automated teller-machine (ATM), phone-banking, tele-banking, pc-banking and most recently internet banking etc. In the traditional banking system a person had to go to a bank branch to deposit or withdraw money and get a bank statement book manually updated by a teller over the counter. With the introduction of computer networks, a networked printing machine started replacing the manual update of statements. Then automated teller machines (ATMs) were introduced to facilitate withdrawals, deposits and even transfers accommodating mobility in much wider geographical areas. Phone banking was a revolutionary concept in banking since it made banking accessible from anywhere as long as phones were available. With the successful diffusion of mobile phones, phone banking is moving into a next phase of development. However, one of the most substantial changes in banking technology is the recent introduction of internet banking.

1.0 Definition of E-Banking E-banking is defined as the automated delivery of new and traditional banking products and services directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. E-banking includes the systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through a public or private network, including the Internet. Customers access e-banking services using an intelligent electronic device, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), automated teller machine (ATM), kiosk, or Touch Tone telephone. While the risks and controls are similar for the various e-banking access channels, this booklet focuses specifically on Internet-based services due to the Internet’s widely accessible public network.

1.2 Origin of E-banking In India The Indian banking system has undergone significant technological transformation since the 1980s.The Rangarajan Committee report in 1980s was the first step towards computerization of banks. Banks started exploring the idea of ‘Total Bank Automation (TBA)’. Although titled ‘Total Bank Automation,’ TBA was in most cases confined to branch automation. It was only in the early 1990s that banks started thinking about tying-up disparate branches together to facilitate information sharing. At the same time, private banks entered the banking arena with radically different strategies. The private banks provided huge budgets to the adoption of technology to provide a whole new range of financial products and services at minimal costs.

1.3 E-Banking in India Most of Indian commercial banks are providing non-conventional and innovative banking services. Product innovation is tied to internet banking; increasing competition amongst the leading banks also promotes product and service differentiation. For example, despite the Internet Banking System developed in 1990 by the reserve bank of India with the help of department of telecommunication of India. Moreover, Indian banks offer innovative technology based banking products and service to their customers. Information technology revolution affect on traditional banking practice in following manner in India.

1.3.01Computerization of Banks in India Computerization is general trend in all sector, banks also trying to Computerization, as per recommendation of Rangarajan Committee (II), the progress in implementation of the directive of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) on the need to computerize 70 per cent of the banking business by public sector banks before January 1, 2006, 13 banks had achieved the desired level. Figures as at end of March 2008 indicated that 23 banks have achieved the target, while two banks have computerisations levels ranging between 70 per cent and 79 per cent and two others were at a level below 65per cent and 29 percent banks having a core banking solution. At present there are 67.7% of branches are under Core Banking Solutions, 94.6% are fully computerized and 6.4% are partially computerized branches of public sector banks in India. Other than public sector banks, all private and foreign banks are mostly computerized recently.

1.3.02Wireless Banking, Online Banking or Internet Banking Wireless banking/ online banking is a delivery channel that can extend the reach and enhance the convenience of Internet banking products and services. Wireless banking occurs when customers access a financial institution’s network using cellular phones, pagers, and personal digital assistants through telecommunication companies’ wireless networks. It uses the Internet as the delivery channel by which to conduct banking activity, e.g. transferring funds, paying bills, viewing checking and savings account balances, paying mortgages, and purchasing financial instruments and certificates of deposit. Online banking usually offers such features as: Bank statements, with the possibility to import data in a personal finance program such as Quicken or Microsoft Money Electronic bill payment Electronic funds transfer between a customer’s own checking and savings accounts, or to another customer’s account Electronically investment purchase or sale of securities by D-Mat Account Loan applications and transactions, such as repayments account aggregation to allow the customers to monitor all of their accounts in one place whether they are with their main bank or with other institutions.etc.

1.3.03Core Banking or Centralized Banking Core banking is a term used to describe a service provided by a group of networked bank branches. Bank customers may access their funds from any of the member branch offices. Core banking consists of a networking process by which the servers of different branches of a bank are joined to a common server and henceforth an account holder may access, deposit, and withdraw money from his/her account from any of the branches of the bank. In 21st United States, core banking has become common place. Today 67.7 % of public sector bank branches are all branches of private and foreign banks are under core banking solution in India.

1.3.04Electronic Authentication and Electronic Signature Banks are now using technology for the proper identification of customers’ identity. In the era of technology based banking operation verifying the identities of customers and authorizing e-banking activities are integral parts of e-banking services. Since traditional paper-based and in-person identity authentication methods reduce the speed and efficiency of electronic transactions, financial institutions have adopted alternative authentication methods. The latest option digital (electronic) signatures for generating and identification of customers signature is best option within the electronic banking platform.

1.3.05BANKNET BANKNET is a internet based communication network backbone. It provides speed of financial transaction. At present, seven centers viz. Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur, Bangalore and Hyderabad. Set up in 1991 by the RBI, this backbone is meant to facilitate transfer of inter-bank (and inter-branch) messages within India by Public Sector banks who are members of this network. More centres (like Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Chandigarh, Kochi, Jaipur, Bhopal, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Thiruvananthapuram, Guwahati, Panaji Jammu etc) are being brought on the network.

1.3.06INFINET-Indian Financial Network The ‘INFINET’ Indian Financial Network is a satellite based wide area network using VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology set up by the RBI in June 1999. The hub and the Network Management System of the INFINET are located in the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, (IDRBT) Hyderabad. Among the major applications identified for porting on the INFINET in the initial phase are e-mail, Electronic Clearing Service – Credit and Debit, Electronic Funds Transfer and transmission of Inter-city Cheque Realization advices. Later, other payment system related applications as well as Management Information System (MIS) applications are proposed to be operationalized.

1.3.07Indian Banks and S.W.I.F.T All Indian public sector banks are part of the international financial messages communication network, namely, Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication (S.W.I.F.T). The S.W.I.F.T provides reliable and expeditious telecommunication facilities for exchange of financial message all over the world. The gateway is in Mumbai and efforts are on to other cities through leased lines/public data network.

1.3.08Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI is a computer-to-computer transfer of details of commercial or administrative transactions using an agreed protocol and standard data structure. EDI standards have been developed in respect of specific messages for transmission of business transactions which are electronic equivalents of commercial invoices, purchase orders, transport bookings and payment instructions etc.

1.3.09Telephone banking, Mobile Banking and SMS Banking Telephone banking is specific provision of banking services over the telephone. It allows customers to perform transactions over the telephone. Most telephone banking use an interactive voice response (IVR). Mobile Banking is the hottest area of development in the banking sector and is expected to replace the credit/debit card system in future. Most of banks are providing SMS alert facility to their customers. Facility of SMS services SMS banking is becomes very much safe and useful in recent days.

1.3.10MICR Clearing MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) is a character recognition technology adopted mainly by the banking industry to facilitate the processing of cheque. The process was demonstrated to the American Bankers Association in July 1956, and it was almost universally employed by 1963. MICR characters are printed with a magnetic ink or toner. Magnetic printing is used so that the characters can be reliably read into a system, In India MICAR Introduced in 1987 in the four Metros, the MICR Clearing is now in operation in 14 centers (HYDERABAD, BANGLORE, AHMEDABAD, KANPUR, JAIPUR, NAGPUR, BARODA, PUNE, GAUHATI, TRIVANDRUM) and is proposed to be extended to a total of 22 centers where volume of clearing transactions is large. 1.3.11Automated Clearing House The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic banking network operating system. ACH processes large volumes of both credit and debit transactions which are originated in batches. Within the Rules and regulations governing the ACH network are established by the Reserve Bank of India by the help of the State Bank of India. 1.3.12Credit card and Debit Cards A credit card system is a type of retail transaction settlement and credit system, named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer. Credit cards are become very popular in India with the introduction of foreign banks in the country. A debit card is a plastic card which provides an alternative payment method to cash when making purchases. Debit cards are accepted at many locations, including grocery stores, retail stores, gasoline stations, and restaurants. It’s an alternative to carrying a checkbook or cash. There are currently two ways that debit card transactions are processed: online debit cards and offline debit cards. Online debit cards require electronic authorization of every transaction and the debits are reflected in the user’s account immediately. Offline debit cards have the logos of major credit cards (e.g. Visa or MasterCard) or major debit cards (e.g. Maestro) and are used at point of sale like a credit card. This type of debit card may be subject to a daily limit, as well as a maximum limit equal to the amount currently deposited in the current/checking account from which it draws funds.

1.3.13RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement System) Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) is a comprehensive secured on line settlement solution, set up, operated and maintained by Reserve Bank of India to enable funds settlement across banks in the country on real time basis to minimize costs and maximize benefits, increase velocity of funds-flow both inter- city and interbank, reduce credit risk, increase transparency of payments and better liquidity management. RTGS is managed by RBI. In India RTGS System has been implemented since March 26, 2004. 1.3.14Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) ECS Scheme operated by the RBI since 1996-97, it helps to make payment from a single account at a bank branch to any number of accounts maintained with the branches of the same or other banks. This is the most useful mode of payment of dividend / interest/ pension/refund etc. The clearing and settlement activities are dispersed through 1,047 clearing houses managed by RBI, the State Bank of India and its associates, public sector banks and other institutions. 1.3.15Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) & Special Electronic Funds Transfer EFT System hosted and operated by the RBI, permits transfer of funds, unto Rs. 5 lacs from any account at any branch of any member bank in any city to any other account at any branch of any member bank in any other city. This system utilizes the Service Branches of the member banks and the nodal offices of RBI. RBINET is the conduit for the flow of funds. The Reserve Bank of India acts as the service provider as well as regulator. A special EFT (SEFT) was introduced in April 2003 covering about 3000 branches in 500 cities. This has facilitated same day transfer of funds across accounts of constituents at all these branches. 1.3.16Automated Teller Machine (ATM) The first bank to introduce the ATM concept in India was the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in the year 1987. Now, almost every commercial bank gives ATM facilities to its customers. SBI is following the concept of ‘ATMs in Quantity’. The Corporation Bank has the second largest network of ATMs amongst the Public Sector Banks in India. Today’s all Public Sector Banks are taking the installation of ATMs seriously for Indian market. They are either setting up their own ATM centers or entering into tie-ups with other banks. Since April 2009 access in any ATM machine is free of charge it is the great opportunity to any ware banking in India. 1.3.17Electronic Bill Payment EBP can attract customers due to the faster and efficient bill payment mechanism of the banking in India. Customers can access their financial information more easily and create a more intimate relationship with the customer and promote and deliver other online products and services. Most of Indian banks are trying setups an EBP portal. ICICI has already started a portal called BillJunction.com. Banks are planning to use the Net for payment of utility bills. They are entering into tie-ups with utilities like MTNL, AirTel, Orange, and BPL Mobile etc. Right now, a customer who’s received a bill in the physical form logs into the network in order to make an online payment. In the future, these bills will be sent to customers through the Net.

Conclusion All these developments in Indian banking are shows that, the Indian banks are marching towards modern banking and changing their traditional look. It is grate change of banking industry because of information technology development. They are trying to installation of information technology for banking business and they trying to provide technology based banking products and services to their customers. Indian banks also trying to Univerlisation of banking products and services to one stop banking shop for customer delight, but comparatively private and foreign banks existing in Indian economy are having a higher level of modernization and those providing numbers of modern services to their customers. References:- 1)Davis whitely (2000) : Strategy Technologies, and Applications MCGRAW- Hill company. 2)Dr. M.Mahmaoudi Maymand (2005) E-commerce Deep & Deep publications pvt.Ltd. 3)Gordon, Natarasan (2006) Financial Markets & services Himalaya publication House Delhi. 4)P.R.Shukla, S.K.Rovchoudhary, (1992), Banking System, credit and Developments, Akashdeep publishing House, New Delhi. 5)N.Vinaykam (1993); A peep In To The Private sector Banks, kanishka publishers Delhi. 6)Khan Masood Ahamad (1992) Banking In India, Anmol Publications, New Delhi. 7)S.S.Hugar (1993), Trends And challeges To Indian Banking, Deep & Deep publications, New Delhi. 8)Vasant C.Joshi, Vinay V.Joshi (1998) Managing Indian Banks : The Challenges Ahead, Sage publications, New Delhi. 9)Frederic S. Mishkin (1998), The Economics of Money Banking and Financial Markets 5th edition an important of addition wesly Longman. 10)Report on Trends and progress of Banking in India – 2005-06 11)R.B.I. Annual Report 2004-05 and 2005-06. 12)Banking Industry – Vision 2010 13)Professional BANKER – July 2007.

Offshore banking – Chosen as a means for tax exemption

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Offshore banking has become famous for the effective reduction of taxes and the privacy options provided by the great organization and individuals. Prior to the acquisition of an online bank at sea, it is suggested that the person has to understand the various benefits of offshore banking and whether these benefits meet their expectations or purposes. There is no need to open a bank account if it does not meet the needs of the client, the privacy options provided by offshore banking online depends on the situation of the client.

offshore banking unit also comes with special features such as attention from local banks or other lenders; recent banking unit offshore presence around the world increased. Most countries free offshore banking unit in other countries that are at peace with them. Many Indian banks like ICICI and State Bank of India also have their own set of offshore banking units in various locations. ICICI Bank offshore banking unit headquartered in Bahrain and Singapore branches advisor to various other places like Belgium, Dubai and Hong Kong. ICICI has extended his victories abroad with representative offices in 19 countries worldwide.

Offshore banking offered are somewhat similar to that provided by traditional banks, some of the offshore banking includes cash credit, withdrawal of deposit, government investment in banks, the electronic transfer of funds, management funds, foreign exchange, surveillance of offshore banking and trust services. It is not necessary that all banks must provide each offshore banking services specified above, as it depends on private banking and personal.

The country of residence of the applicant in the offshore banking sector differs from the exact location of the bank where the applicant has an account on their behalf that provides economic benefits. The advantages offered by offshore banks to better understand a person’s privacy policies, minimal or no taxation, ease of access to deposits and protection against any financial crisis. Offshore banking is often associated with economic conditions and the secret crime which involves methods to avoid tax collection and heaps of money.

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The Different Types Of Jobs In Banking

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Those interested in the field will find that there are many different jobs in the banking industry. For instance, you could work for a prominent commercial bank or a small regional bank. There are also savings banks, credit unions and online banking institutions that offer employment opportunities. To give you a better idea of what is available, we have listed some of the most common jobs in the banking industry.

Bank Tellers

Its no surprise that bank teller positions make up 67% of all banking jobs. Aside from the usual tasks of cashing and depositing checks, people working in these positions are currently being trained to sell various banking products to consumers.

Customer Service

As a customer service representative, employees assist consumers with their accounts and resolve complaints via phone or email. The representatives must be thoroughly trained on any products offered by the bank, giving them the knowledge to explain and sell them to customers.

Loan Officers

A loan officers job involves reviewing and submitting a lot of paperwork. These employees assist potential borrowers with loan applications and then take numerous measures to verify that information. This may include contacting employers, credit card companies, previous lenders and so forth. While loan officers often sell products to banking customers, they generally specialize in consumer, commercial or mortgage leading areas.

Clerical Workers

Banks employ clerical workers to process transactions and also in collections departments as receptionists and secretaries. Administrative assistants typically manage the clerical workers and report directly to bank executives.

Financial Manager

One of the most lucrative jobs inside of the branch is a financial manager. This position calls for one person to oversee the branchs operation, assist clients when in need and counsel customers.

Race Relations Act Questionnaire Rr65 Demonstrated By Emilio Botin Santander Abbey Banking Group

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How to use the Race Relations Act Questionnaire RR65, and its importance, are demonstrated by the high-profile UK case Chagger v Abbey National plc & Hopkins (2006), where the Employment Tribunal found race discrimination and, following Emilio Botin Abbey Santander banking group’s refusal to reinstate Mr Chagger as the Tribunal had ordered to remedy the wrong done, awarded the record-breaking compensation of 2.8 million. In 2006, Abbey Santander Group (the UK retail bank owned by the powerful Emilio Botin Banco Santander Central Hispano Group BSCH, and which is to be re-branded as Santander share price soon) dismissed Balbinder Chagger from employment, stating compulsory redundancy as the reason. Mr Chagger, on the other hand, believed that the actual reason behind his dismissal was racial discrimination. Emilio Botin Abbey Grupo Santander banking group employed Mr Chagger, of Indian origin, as a Trading Risk Controller. He earned about 100,000 per year and reported into Nigel Hopkins.

Aggrieved employees who believe they have suffered racial discrimination in the workplace and are considering initiating legal action may serve a Race Relations Act Questionnaire RR65 upon the employer. The Race Relation Act (Questions and Replies) Order 1977 sets out the procedure for the Race Discrimination Questionnaire RR 65 procedure.

The aggrieved employee serves his questionnaire on a standard form called RR65. The RR 65 form contains some standard questions, like to what extent does the employer agree with the aggrieved employee’s account of events, what is the employer’s account of events, and does the employer accept that the employee has been racially discriminated against (and if not, then why not). The employee serving the questionnaire may append his own specifically taylored questions at the end of the standard questions.

Serving an RR65 Race Relations Act Questionnaire is not necessary in order to process the discrimination through formal legal proceedings; it is an option open to the aggrieved employee. However, it is an important option because it gives the aggrieved employee a unique opportunity to seek evidence in support of his case (by permitting the inclusion of searching questions), as well as, to collect further information useful for deciding whether or not to continue with legal proceeding. So, the aggrieved employee should give serious consideration to serving a Race Relations Act Questionnaire, and deploy questions aimed at uncovering evidence which is known only to the employer and proving the racial discrimination suffered, uncovering fully the employer’s defence, and ascertaining the grounds that are accepted by the employer and those that are disputed.

The employer is expected to reply to the questionnaire in writing within a reasonable time, considered to be 8 weeks from the date the of receipt. However, the employer does not have to reply to it, and cannot be forced to reply by any Employment Tribunal. If the employer does reply, then the reply may be admitted as evidence to an Employment Tribunal. If the employer doesn’t reply within the time limit and/or gives evasive or ambiguous answers, then the Employment Tribunal may hold such responses against the employer. If the Employment Tribunal believes the employer purposely and without good reason didn’t reply within the time limit and/or gave ambiguous and/or evasive answers, then the Race Relations Act 1976 requires the Tribunal to draw any negative inferences it considers just and equitable, including the negative inference that the employer committed the unlawful racial discrimination. This means that an Employment Tribunal can make a ruling of racial discrimination based just on the negative inferences it drew; however, an Employment Tribunal is unlikely to do that in practice, but it may decide to take a highly serious view of the employer’s failure to reply properly and be influenced by it in its decisions. The employee can improve the likelihood of the Employment Tribunal drawing negative inferences by posing reasonable questions in the questionnaire and making efforts to chase and encourage the employer to reply properly. The employer will be disadvantaged in not knowing before it faces the Employment Tribunal the consequences of its failures; by the time the employer is in front of the Tribunal, it may be too late to make good any failures. An employee who deploys the race discrimination questionnaire procedure automatically gains this tactical advantage.

Such was the scenario that Emilio Botin Abbey Santander had got itself into with Mr Chagger. The Tribunal decided that Emilio Botin Santander Abbey had failed to answer Mr Chagger’s questionnaire properly. Mr Chagger had asked Abbey Santander to provide details of the legal actions of race discrimination that had been brought against it since 1 January 2001. Grupo Santander Abbey answered with 17 citations of incidents. With regards to 6, Abbey Santander simply asserted that it didn’t know the results of the actions and that it was unable to find out during the time period in which the race discrimination questionnaire had to be answered; it never provided any further or follow up answers to Mr Chagger. The Employment Tribunal ruled that Abbey Santander’s answers were evasive. Santander Abbey’s failure to properly answer the questionnaire, contributed to the Employment Tribunal’s finding that Emilio Botin Abbey Santander and Mr Hopkins had racially discriminated against Mr Chagger in his dismissal.

The serving of an RR65 questionnaire does not by itself begin any legal action; legal action is started with a separate procedure. If no legal action is ever begun, then the questionnaire and the reply remain a private correspondence between the employee and employer. If there is sufficient other evidence that suggests race discrimination and the employee is giving serious consideration to taking legal action, then serving an RR65 questionnaire would be appropriate; because the employer’s answers may help the employee to make a final decision. However, if the employee does not seriously intend to pursue legal action, then serving the RR65 questionnaire would be inappropriate; because it may unnecessarily aggravate the employer and/or the employer’s reply may emotionally affect the employee into taking legal action he had not intended.

The Chagger v Emilio Botin Abbey Santander case did not end at the Employment Tribunal stage. Emilio Botin Abbey Santander and Mr Hopkins escalated the case to the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) by appealing against the original Employment Tribunal’s rulings of racial discrimination and the record-breaking 2.8 million compensation. In 2008, the EAT upheld the original Employment Tribunal’s ruling of 2006, that both Emilio Botin Abbey Santander and Mr Hopkins had racially discriminated against Mr Chagger. The EAT did, however, accept Abbey Santander’s appeal against the 2.8 million compensation and sent it back to the original Employment Tribunal for reconsideration. In 2009, the case was escalated even higher, to the Court of Appeal (the 2nd highest court in UK). The Court of Appeal’s List of Hearings showed the appeal hearing was held on 7/8 July 2009. The Court of Appeal’s judgement and transcription were not available when writing this article. The 11KBW set of barristers’ chambers (who represented Emilio Botin Santander Abbey and Mr Hopkins in the Court of Appeal hearing), had reported that the hearing was to be only about quantum (i.e., the compensation) and not about liability also (i.e., not race discrimination also). That would appear to suggest that the wrongful act of unlawful discrimination committed by Emilio Botin Abbey Santander and Mr Hopkins was finalised by the EAT when it upheld the original Tribunal’s ruling that Abbey Santander and Mr Hopkins had racially discriminated against Mr Chagger, and that Mr Chagger had appealed against the EAT’s ruling to send back the compensation award for reconsideration.

ATMS and Their Influence on Banking Sectors in Australia

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Since deregulation of banking in the mid 1980’s, financial and banking industries in Australia have become increasingly competitive and innovative. Australia is ranked as one of the countries with the least controlled systems of banking globally with a foreseeable increase in competition due to implementation and large scale adoption of the recommendations of the Wallis Report done by the Financial Systems Inquiry. An increase in the number of banks and financial institutions entering the market today has led to adoption of various banking products and improvement in banking technologies such as ATMs.

ATMs are computerized telecommunications gadgets that offer clients of financial and banking institutions access to various financial transactions in public without the need for bank tellers and clerks. The bank clients are usually identified with plastic smart cards that are fitted with chips and magnetic strips. The cards contain security information such as the expiration dates of the cards and unique numbers. The security of the card is provided by the client who enters a personal identification number using Automated Teller Machines. The client can then access the funds held by the bank and make cash withdrawals or advances.

ATMs have had great influence on the banking sector in Australia. Firstly, they have helped create a highly sophisticated and secure financial trading environment offering Australians the capacity to carry out financial trading globally, electronically and in real time. The devices have also offered an improved fee transparency and competition within the banking and financial system.

Thirdly, with the growth of the electronic gadgets, Australian commerce has been able to reach new heights allowing consumers a chance to enjoy the wide range of financial choices. The devices have also made it possible for payments to be settled quickly and conveniently allowing customers, organizations and businesses the ability to transfer cash to and from personal and business accounts.

Mel writes about ATMs, ATM fees and other finance topics.